politicalscienceВестник РГГУ. Серия “Политология. История. Международные отношения.”RSUH/RGGU Bulletin Series "Political Science. History. International Relations"2073-6339Издательский центр Российского государственного гуманитарного университета10.28995/2073-6339-2018-1-24-40politicalscience-184Research ArticleОБЩЕСТВЕННО-ПОЛИТИЧЕСКИЕ ПРОЦЕССЫ В ПРОШЛОМ И НАСТОЯЩЕМSOCIOPOLITICAL PROCESSES IN THE PAST AND IN THE PRESENTДе-факто государства: политический феномен постсоветского пространстваDe-facto States: the Post-Soviet Political PhenomenonМаркедоновС. М.MarkedonovS. M.

Сергей М. Маркедонов, кандидат исторических наук, доцент

125993, Москва, Миусская пл., д. 6

Sergey M. Markedonov, PhD in History, associate professor

bld. 6, Miusskaya sq., Moscow, 125993

smarkpost@gmail.comРоссийский государственный гуманитарный университетРоссияRussian State University for the HumanitiesRussian Federation201824112018012440Copyright © Маркедонов С.М., 20182018Маркедонов С.М.Markedonov S.M.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://politicalscience.rsuh.ru/jour/article/view/184

Де-факто государства (на постсоветском пространстве это Абхазия, Южная Осетия, Нагорный Карабах, Приднестровье, так называемые «народные республики» Донбасса) с формально-юридической точки зрения для международного сообщества не существуют. Однако это не отменяет их реального участия в общественно-политических процессах и конфликтах в Евразии. Многие важнейшие события на территории бывшего Советского Союза в той или иной степени связаны с этими образованиями. В статье рассматривается создание де-факто республик в контексте распада СССР, этнополитического самоопределения 1980-1990-х гг., а также трансформации международного права после завершения холодной войны. Автор дает собственное определение де-факто государств, производит типологизацию непризнанных образований, объясняет сходства и различия между ними, а также коллизии между правовыми и политическими подходами к ним. С его точки зрения, феномен де-факто государств не ограничивается исключительно постсоветскими «замороженными конфликтами», а продуктивное рассмотрение самого этого явления не представляется возможным без изучения их внутренней динамики, особенностей национально-государственного строительства и процессов демократизации. Большое внимание уделяется важности де-факто образований для международной повестки дня, в особенности в контексте неурегулированных международно-правовых отношений, отсутствия общих критериев территориальной целостности и национального самоопределения.

If viewed from a formal-legal point of view, the de facto entities (the ones which are most important for the present discussion: Nagorno-Karabakh, South Ossetia, Abkhazia, Transnistria and the so called People’s Republics in the South-Eastern Ukraine) do not exist for the international community. However the “virtual” existence of these states does not prevent them from being real participants in the political and security processes in the post-Soviet space. Many momentous events in Eurasia are connected, in some way, with the developments around such statelets. The author considers the establishing of the de facto states in the context of the USSR dissolution, of the ethno-political self-determination during this process and the transformation of the international law after the end of the “Cold War”. He defines the unrecognized states, creates their typology and explains their similarities and differences. In his view, the phenomenon of the de facto entities is not limited exclusively to the “frozen conflicts’’, so a productive analysis of these formations is not possible without considering their domestic dynamics, the peculiarities of nation/state-building and the processes of democratization. The author pays special attention to the importance of the Eurasian de facto states to the international affairs, particularly in the context of the lack of common criteria for self-determination and territorial integrity of states.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.