<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">politicalscience</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Вестник РГГУ. Серия “Политология. История. Международные отношения.”</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>RSUH/RGGU Bulletin Series "Political Science. History. International Relations"</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2073-6339</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Издательский центр Российского государственного гуманитарного университета</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.28995/2073-6339-2024-6-12-25</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">politicalscience-684</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>МЕЖДУНАРОДНЫЕ ОТНОШЕНИЯ: ИСТОРИЯ, ИСТОРИОГРАФИЯ, МЕТОДОЛОГИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS: HISTORY,  HISTORIOGRAPHY, METHODOLOGY</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Между нулем и единицей: лиминальность пороговых ядерных держав</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Between zero and one: liminality of nuclear threshold states</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Торопчин</surname><given-names>Г. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Toropchin</surname><given-names>G. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Глеб В. Торопчин, кандидат исторических наук, доцент</p><p>630073, Новосибирск, пр-т К. Маркса, д. 20</p><p>634050, Томск, пр-т Ленина, д. 36</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Gleb V. Toropchin, Cand. of Sci. (History), associate professor</p><p>20, K. Marx Av., Novosibirsk, 630073</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">glebtoropchin@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Новосибирский государственный технический университет; Томский государственный университет</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Novosibirsk State Technical University; Tomsk State University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>27</day><month>01</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>6</issue><fpage>12</fpage><lpage>25</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Торопчин Г.В., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Торопчин Г.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Toropchin G.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://politicalscience.rsuh.ru/jour/article/view/684">https://politicalscience.rsuh.ru/jour/article/view/684</self-uri><abstract><p>Феномен существования пороговых ядерных держав подлежит осмыслению сквозь призму общенаучного понятия «лиминальность». Под акторами подобного типа принято понимать государства, обладающие практически полным набором технологий ядерного топливного цикла, но не принявшие принципиальное решение о переводе своей ядерной программы на военные рельсы. Преимуществом используемого подхода является его трансдисциплинарный характер: рассмотрение темы на стыке философии, политической науки и даже литературоведения способствует выявлению многомерного характера проблемы, равно как и взаимообогащению названных областей знаний. Обзор литературы по теме – преимущественно на английском языке – позволил обнаружить лишь спорадическое применение концепта лиминальности в науке о международных отношениях и исследованиях безопасности (включая нераспространение ядерного оружия). Установлено, что проведение ядерного испытания является своеобразным ритуализированным актом перехода из категории пороговых государств в когорту de facto ядерных держав. Двойственная природа такого поступка состоит, с одной стороны, в преодолении установившегося табу, с другой стороны, в метаморфозе в качественно новое состояние. В то же время даже такая статусная трансформация не дает возможности говорить о преодолении лиминальности. Это связано с отсутствием как неформальных, так и прописанных в международном праве механизмов и прецедентов перехода de facto ядерных держав в клуб официальных ядерных государств. Выделены и охарактеризованы различные измерения лиминальности: темпоральное, технологическое, стратегическое, операционное, идентификационное. На примере пороговых стран Азиатско-Тихоокеанского региона показано, что латентные ядерные государства могут существовать в таком лиминальном пространстве десятилетиями, при этом даже извлекая выгоды из своего промежуточного положения. При этом гетерогенность пространства лиминальности выражается в нахождении различных пороговых акторов на разных ее стадиях.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The existence of nuclear threshold states as a phenomenon is subject to revisiting through the prism of a general scientific notion of liminality. This type of actors is represented by the nations technically possessing a full nuclear fuel cycle but stopping short of making a decision to militarize their nuclear programmes. An advantage of the utilized approach consists in its transdisciplinary format: considering the problem at the interface of philosophy, political science and even literature studies assists in uncovering its multidimensional nature as well as in the mutual enrichment of the named areas of knowledge. A literature review – predominantly comprising secondary sources in English – has demonstrated but a sporadic application of the liminality concept in the International Relations and Security Studies scholarship (including nonproliferation of nuclear weapons). It has been established that a nuclear test is a specific ritualized act symbolizing the transition of threshold states into the cohort of de facto nuclear states. The duality of such a gesture consists, on the one hand, in challenging an instituted taboo, and, on the other hand, in a metamorphosis into a qualitatively new condition. At the same time, even such an example of transformation of the status does not mean that a nation overcomes liminality. This is due to the lack of the mechanisms – both informal and adopted in the international law – and the precedents of the transition by a de facto nuclear state into the club of the nuclear weapons states. Manifold dimensions of liminality are singled out and characterized: temporal, technological, strategic, operational, and identification dimensions. With the help of the case studies featuring the threshold states in the Asia-Pacific, it is demonstrated that latent nuclear nations can exist in this liminal space for decades, even benefitting from their transient condition. That being said, the heterogeneity of the space of liminality finds expression in the presence of various threshold actors on its different stages.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>лиминальность</kwd><kwd>переходное состояние</kwd><kwd>пороговые державы</kwd><kwd>ядерная латентность</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>liminality</kwd><kwd>transient condition</kwd><kwd>threshold states</kwd><kwd>nuclear latency</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Алексеева, Минеев, Лошкарёв 2016 – Алексеева Т.А., Минеев А.П., Лошкарёв И.Д. «Земля смятения»: квантовая теория в международных отношениях? // Вестник МГИМО-Университета. 2016. № 3 (48). С. 7–16. URL: https:// cyberleninka.ru/article/n/zemlya-smyateniya-kvantovaya-teoriya-v-mezhdunarodnyh-otnosheniyah (дата обращения 25 сентября 2024).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Abraham, I. (2006), “The ambivalence of nuclear histories”, Osiris, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 49– 65.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Диулина 2013 – Диулина Ю.М. Пороговые государства в режиме нераспространения ядерного оружия как глобальная проблема современности // Л.Н. Гумилев атындағы Еуразия ұлттық университеті [Национальный университет Евразии имени Л.Н. Гумилева]. 2013. URL: https://dspace.enu.kz/bitstream/handle/data/6680/problema-sovremennosti.pdf (дата обращения 25 сентября 2024).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Abraham, I. (2010), “ ‘Who’s next?’: Nuclear ambivalence and the contradictions of nonproliferation policy”, Economic and Political Weekly, vol. 45, no. 43, pp. 48–56.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Фусу 2018 – Фусу Л.И. Концепция лиминальности: подходы, сущность понятия, характеристики проявления в обществе на современном этапе // Kant. 2018. № 3 (28). С. 143–148.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Alekseeva, T.A., Mineev, A.P. and Loshkarev, I.D. (2016), “ ‘The land of confusion’: quantum physics in IR theory?”, MGIMO Review of International Relations, vol. 48, no. 3, pp. 7–16, available at: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/zemlya-smyateniyakvantovaya-teoriya-v-mezhdunarodnyh-otnosheniyah (Accessed 25 Sept. 2024).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Abraham 2010 – Abraham I. ‘Who’s next?’: Nuclear ambivalence and the contradictions of non-proliferation policy // Economic and Political Weekly. 2010. Vol. 45. No. 43. P. 48–56.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Balduk, J. (2008), On liminality. Conceptualizing “In between-ness”. Master Thesis of Human Geography, Nijmengen, Netherlands.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Abraham 2006 – Abraham I. The ambivalence of nuclear histories // Osiris. 2006. Vol. 21. No. 1. P. 49–65.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Baquè, G. (2022), “Confronting marginality: Human and nonhuman resilience in the landscape of disaster”, Rivista di studi letterari e culturali, no. 9, pp. 19–31.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Balduk 2008 – Balduk J. On liminality. Conceptualizing ‘In between-ness’. Master Thesis of Human Geography. Nijmengen, 2008. 73 p. URL: https://theses.ubn.ru.nl/server/api/core/bitstreams/d5630df0-6dc9-4846-a8bf-9ce4f29955c4/content (дата обращения 25 сентября 2024).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Behravesh, M. (2018), “State revisionism and ontological (in)security in international politics: The complicated case of Iran and its nuclear behavior”, Journal of International Relations and Development, vol. 21, pp. 836–857.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Baquè 2022 – Baquè G. Confronting marginality: Human and nonhuman resilience in the landscape of disaster // Rivista di studi letterari e culturali. 2022. No. 9. P. 19–31.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bell, M.Z. and Macfarlane, A. (2022), “ ‘Fixing’ the nuclear waste problem? The new political economy of spent fuel management in the United States”, Energy Research &amp; Social Science, vol. 91, pp. 102–728.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Behravesh 2018 – Behravesh M. State revisionism and ontological (in)security in international politics: The complicated case of Iran and its nuclear behaviour // Journal of International Relations and Development. 2018. Vol. 21. P. 836–857.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Diulina, Yu.M. (2013), “Threshold states in the nuclear non-proliferation regime as a global problem of the modernity”, in Natsional’nyi universitet Evrazii imeni L.N. Gumileva [L.N. Gumilev Eurasian National University], available at: https:// dspace.enu.kz/bitstream/handle/data/6680/problema-sovremennosti.pdf (Accessed 25 Sept. 2024).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bell, Macfarlane 2022 – Bell M.Z., Macfarlane A. “Fixing” the nuclear waste problem? The new political economy of spent fuel management in the United States // Energy Research &amp; Social Science. 2022. Vol. 91. September. P. 102–728.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fusu, L.I. (2018), “The concept of liminality: approaches, the essence of the concept, the characteristics of manifestation in society at the present stage”, Kant, vol. 28, no. 3, pp. 143–148.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Harrington, Englert 2014 – Harrington A., Englert M. How much is enough? The politics of technology and weaponless nuclear deterrence // The global politics of science and technology. Vol. 2: Global power shift / ed. by M. Mayer, M. Carpes, R. Knoblich. Berlin; Heidelberg: Springer, 2014. P. 287–302.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Harrington, A. and Englert, M. (2014), “How much is enough? The politics of technology and weaponless nuclear deterrence”, in Mayer, M., Carpes, M. and Knoblich, R., eds., in The global politics of science and technology, vol. 2: Global power shift, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, Germany, pp. 287–302.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Higgott, Kim 1997 – Higgott R.A., Kim R.N. The international politics of liminality: Relocating Australia in the Asia Pacific // Australian Journal of Political Science. 1997. Vol. 32. No. 2. P. 169–186.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Higgott, R.A. and Kim, R.N. (1997), “The international politics of liminality: relocating Australia in the Asia Pacific”, Australian Journal of Political Science, vol. 32, no. 2, pp. 169–186.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mälksoo 2012 – Mälksoo M. The challenge of liminality for international relations theory // Review of International Studies. 2012. Vol. 38. No. 2. P. 481–494.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mälksoo, M. (2012), “The challenge of liminality for international relations theory”, Review of International Studies, vol. 38, no. 2, pp. 481–494.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rozelle 2010 – Rozelle L. Resurveying DeLillo’s “white space on map”: Liminality and communitas in underworld // Studies in the Novel. 2010. Vol. 42. No. 4. P. 443–452.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rozelle, L. (2010), “Resurveying DeLillo’s ‘white space on map’: Liminality and communitas in underworld”, Studies in the Novel, vol. 42, no. 4, pp. 443–452.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Smart 1978 – Smart I. Janus: The nuclear God // The World Today. 1978. Vol. 34. No. 4. P. 118–127.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Smart, I. (1978), “Janus: The nuclear God”, The World Today, vol. 34, no. 4, pp. 118–127.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Spennemann 2016 – Spennemann D.H.R. Keeping It out of the open: The production and collections history of Asterix und das Atomkraftwerk as an example of the liminality of underground literature // Leipziger Jahrbuch für Buchgeschichte. 2016. Vol. 24. P. 161–201.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Spennemann, D.H.R. (2016), “Keeping It out of the open: The production and collections history of Asterix und das Atomkraftwerk as an example of the liminality of underground literature”, Leipziger Jahrbuch für Buchgeschichte, vol. 24, pp. 161–201.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Teodorescu, Călin 2015 – Teodorescu B., Călin R.A. The base articulations of the liminality concept // Review of European Studies. 2015. Vol. 7. No. 12. P. 97–102.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Teodorescu, B. and Călin, R.A. (2015), “The base articulations of the liminality concept”, Review of European Studies, vol. 7, no. 12, pp. 97–102.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wilkins, Abbondanza 2022 – Wilkins T.S., Abbondanza G. What makes an awkward power? Recurrent patterns and defining characteristics // Awkward powers: Escaping traditional great and middle power theory. Global political transitions / ed. by G. Abbondanza, T.S. Wilkins. Singapore: Palgrave Macmillan, 2022. P. 375–404.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wilkins, T.S. and Abbondanza, G. (2022), “What makes an awkward power? Recurrent patterns and defining characteristics”, in Abbondanza, G. and Wilkins, T.S., eds. Awkward powers: Escaping traditional great and middle power theory. Global political transitions, Palgrave Macmillan, Singapore, pp. 375–404.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
