Principle of intervention in the context of European revolutions of the mid-19th century. U.S. perception
Abstract
Perception by American contemporaries of the principle of intervention, in the context of the visit to the United States of Louis Kossuth, the leader of the Hungarian national movement (late 1851 – first half of 1852), is analyzed by material of US Congress and American press. Understanding of the concept and practice of intervention reflected their sectional, party, political, ethnic prejudices. In the opinion of most Americans, intervention is differentiated from war, especially seen in the light of a “just war” tradition. The principle of intervention is associated by some of them, in particular, by the advocates of “Young America” – the faction of the U.S. Democratic Party, and a number of their opponents, with both the containment and the promotion of revolutionary ideology. Intervention is viewed as a tool of an international order transformation, as a transnational practical experience. So the interpretation of an idea of intervention in keeping with the modernity is proposed.
About the Author
M. M. Sirotinskaya
Russian State University for the Humanities.
Russian Federation
Sirotinskaya Maria M. – Ph.D. in History, associate professor, Department of Foreign Area Studies and Foreign Policy, Faculty of International Relations and Foreign Area Studies, Institute for History and Archives,
Russian Federation
Sirotinskaya Maria M. – Ph.D. in History, associate professor, Department of Foreign Area Studies and Foreign Policy, Faculty of International Relations and Foreign Area Studies, Institute for History and Archives,
References
1. Trim D. Intervention in European History, c. 1520–1850 // Just and Unjust Military Intervention: European Thinkers from Vitoria to Mill / Ed. by S. Recchia, J.M. Welsh. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 2013. Р. 23.
2. Oppenheim L. International Law: A Treatise: In 2 vol. 2 ed. (1st ed. 1905–1906). Vol. 1. L.; N. Y.; etc: Longmans, Green and Co, 1912. P. 188–189; Vincent R.J. Nonintervention and International Order. Princeton (N.J.): Princeton Univ. Press, 1974. P. 7–8, 13.
3. Lawson G., Tardelli L. The Past, Present, and Future of Intervention // Review of International Studies. 2013. Dec. Vol. 39. № 5. P. 4–5.
4. В 1827–1835 гг. Генри Уитон являлся поверенным в делах СШа в дании, в 1835–1846 гг. – посланником в Пруссии. Широкую известность приобрели его многократно переиздававшийся труд «Элементы международного права» (вышел в свет в 1836 г. в Филадельфии и Лондоне), работа «История права народов в Европе и америке: от раннего времени до Вашингтонского договора 1842 г.» (1845).
5. Wheaton H. Elements of International Law / Ed. by R.H. Dana, Jr. 8 ed. Boston: Little, Brown, and Company, 1866. P. 93 [Электронный ресурс]. URL: http://archive.org/details/aex9046.0001.001.umich.edu (дата обращения: 06.07.2017).
6. Wheaton H. History of the Law of Nations in Europe and America; From the Earliest Times to the Treaty of Washington, 1842. N. Y.: Gould, Banks & Co, 1845. P. 517. URL: http://archive.org/details/historyoflawofna00whea (дата обращения: 06.07.2017).
7. Onuf N. Humanitarian Intervention: The Early Years. P. 15 [Электронный ресурс]. URL: https://globalconflictresolution.files.wordpress.com/2010/02/humanitarianintervention-early-years.pdf (дата обращения: 06.07.2017).
8. Словосочетание «гуманитарная интервенция» появляется не в основном тексте, а в ссылке. См.: Hall W.E. International Law. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1880. P. 247.
9. Цит. по: A Cosmopolitism of Nations: Giuseppe’s Mazzini’s Writings on Democracy, Nation Builiding, and International Relations / Ed. and with an шntroduct. by S. Recchia and N. Urbinati. Transl. by S. Recchia. Princeton: Princeton Univ. Press, 2009. P. 213–218.
10. Mill J.S. A Few Words on Non-Intervention. P. 6 [Электронный ресурс]. URL: http://www.libertarian.co.uk/lapubs/forep/forep008.pdf (дата обращения: 06.07.2017); см. также: Малинова О.Ю. Либеральный национализм (середина XIX – начало XX века). М.: РИК Русанова, 2000. С. 36.
11. Kossuth L. Aspects of America Toward England // Select Speeches of Kossuth / Condensed and Abridged by F.W. Newman. N. Y.: C.S. Francis & Co, 1854. P. 165.
12. Внешняя политика СШа: Хрестоматия / Сост. д.В. Кузнецов. Благовещенск: Благовещенский гос. пед. ун-т, 2014. С. 24 [Электронный ресурс]. URL: http://kuznetsov.ucoz.org/books/vneshnjaja_politika_ssha.pdf (дата обращения: 06.07.2017).
13. Appendix to the Congressional Globe. 32nd. Congress. 1st Session. Р. 136–137.
14. Краснов Н.А. Миссия женэ и нейтралитет СШа (1793 г.) // американский ежегодник 1980. М.: Наука, 1981. С. 139–165; Филимонова М.А. Пресса становится властью: политические дискуссии на страницах периодической печати СШа в конце XVIII в. Курск: Курский гос. ун-т, 2016. С. 137–138.
15. Исключения представляют, к примеру, труды д. Спенсера и других историков. См.: Spencer D.S. Louis Kossuth and Young America: A Study of Sectionalism and Foreign Policy, 1848–1852. Columbia: Univ. of Missouri Press, 1977; Wilson S.J. Kossuth and American Non-Intervention // Hungarian Studies. 1989. Vol. 5. № 1. P. 39–48.
16. Chronicling of America Historic American Newspapers [Электронный ресурс] // Library of Congress. URL: http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/ (дата обращения: 06.07.2017).
17. Appendix to the Congressional Globe. 32nd Congress. 1st Session. Р. 179–181; Congressional Globe. 32nd Congress. 1st Session. Р. 25–26, 52–53.
18. The New Doctrine // Athens Post. 1852. Jan. 2 (газета издавалась в афинах, штат Теннесси); Kossuth – A Frank Avowal // New Orleans Bee. 1852. Jan. 1; Intervention and Democracy // Idem. 1852. Jan. 3; Intervention for Non-Intervention // New Orleans Daily Crescent. 1852. Apr. 1; Intervention to Secure Non-Intervention // The Southern Press. 1852. Jan. 19.
19. Foreign Policy of the United States // Weekly National Intelligencer. 1851. Dec. 13; The Mission of Kossuth // Idem. 1851. Dec. 20; The “New Crusade” // Idem. 1851. Dec. 27; The Hungarian Inroad // Idem. 1852. Jan. 31; Intervention without War // Republic. 1851. Dec. 16; Kossuth // Idem. 1851. Dec. 10, 12; Intervention // Idem. 1852. Jan. 31.
20. Appendix to the Congressional Globe. 32nd Congress. 1st Session. P. 243–247.
21. Congressional Globe. 32nd Congress. 1st Session. P. 105; Congress – Wednesday // Daily Union. 1851. Dec. 18.
22. Курилла И.И. «Войти в круг великих держав…»: дэниел Уэбстер и внешняя политика СШа в середине XIX века. Волгоград: ВолГУ, 1997. С. 104.
23. Congressional Dinner to Kossuth // Daily Union. 1852. Jan. 8.
24. Banquet of the Jackson Democratic Association, January 8, 1852 // Daily Union. 1852. Jan. 9.
25. Soule P. Speech of Mr Soule, of Louisiana, on Non-Intervention, Delivered in the Senate of the United States, March 22, 1852. Washington: John T. Towers, 1852. P. 37–38 [Электронный ресурс]. URL: https://ia902609.us.archive.org/23/items/speechofmrsouleo00lcsoul/speechofmrsouleo00lcsoul.pdf (дата обращения: 06.07.2017); Congressional Globe. 32nd Congress. 1st Session. P. 173.
26. The Democratic Ratification Meeting. Grand Gathering of the Unterrified in Tammany Hall. The Old Wigwam Firing Up. Glorious Enthusiasm. National Platform for 1852. No More Neutrality. Active Alliance with Republicanism throughout the World. Young America in the Field… // New York Herald. 1851. Oct. 23; Progressive Democracy – Foreign Interference // Lancaster Gazette. 1851. Nov. 6 (газета выходила в г. Ланкастер, штат огайо); Foreign Policy // National Era. 1851. Nov. 20; Kossuth and the Democratic General Committee of New York // Daily Union. 1851. Dec. 20.
27. Intervention // Democratic Review. 1852. Jan. P. 57.
28. Davis E. History of the New York Times, 1851–1921. N. Y.: The New York Times, 1921. P. 28. URL: http://ia800205.us.archive.org/21/items/historyofnewyork00davi/ historyofnewyork00davi.pdf (дата обращения: 06.07.2017). о нью-йоркской прессе подробнее см.: Алентьева Т.В. Роль общественного мнения в «джексоновскую эпоху» в СШа. Курск: Курский гос. ун-т, 2015. С. 105–137.
29. Intervention // New York Times. 1852. Jan. 16; Kossuth and His Cause // Idem. 1852. Feb. 3; Hungary. The Question of Intervention // Idem. 1852. Jan. 17; etc.
30. The South and Intervention // New York Times. 1852. Feb. 5.
31. Washington. Significant Events // New York Daily Tribune. 1852. Jan. 14; The Maryland Legislature and Kossuth, &c. // Idem. Jan. 12; The Maryland Legislature and Kossuth // New York Times. 1852. Jan. 13.
32. Trim D.J.B. Conclusion: Humanitarian Intervention in Historical Perspective // Humanitarian Intervention: A History / Ed. by B. Simms and D.J.B. Trim. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 2011. P. 395.
Review
For citations:
Sirotinskaya M.M. Principle of intervention in the context of European revolutions of the mid-19th century. U.S. perception. RSUH/RGGU Bulletin Series "Political Science. History. International Relations". 2017;(4/1):16-28. (In Russ.)
Views:
371
Email this article 