.png)
.png)
Email this article 
Right to Intervention in the Context of the National Movement in Europe: Perception by “The United States Magazine and Democratic Review” in the 1840-s.
https://doi.org/10.28995/2073-6339-2019-1-10-30
Abstract
The concept of a “just war”, of intervention for humanitarian purposes in the historical perspective, of estimates by European politicians, intellectuals of the right to intervention with the aim of supporting “the principle of nationality” in the mid-19th century has been analyzed by researchers. However, specialists did not seem to adequately examine the understanding of the issue by contemporary Americans. The author of the article tries to trace the perception by “The United States Magazine and Democratic Review” of the principle of intervention in the context of the national movement in the Old World in the 1840-s. It is concluded that the journal paid great attention to the national organizations of the Italian, Irish, Polish and other nations, highly appreciated the works and activity of Henry Wheaton, an American jurist and diplomat. The mission, on behalf of the European power, of giving aid to the “oppressed nationalities” of the Old World by using military force was constructed. That mission was thought to be aimed at their political and national liberation. In rhetoric, it was connected with ideology. The right to intervention was not associated with the problem of extending freedom to slaves. On the whole, this “invented” American mission reflected partisan, political, sectional prejudices of the “Democratic Review” columnists, who were mainly radical Democrats, the followers of the U.S. President A. Jackson. During that period, the U.S. missionary role in relation to the European nations was mostly limited, in the imagination of the political writers, to the “exemplary” vision.
About the Author
M. M. SirotinskayaRussian Federation
Maria M. Sirotinskaya, Cand. of Sci. (History), bld. 6, Miusskaya sq., Moscow, Russia, 125993; bld. 32A, Leninskii av., Moscow, Russia, 119334
References
1. Inozemtsev V. Humanitarian Interventions [Internet]. Kosmopolis. 2005;1(11):11-23 (data obrashcheniya 21 Jan. 2019). URL: https://polit.ru/article/2005/04/29/intervenstia/ (In Russ.)
2. Tarasova LN. On the Issue of Legality of Humanitarian Intervention. Science Journal of Volgograd State University. Series 5. Law. 2011;1(14):99-105. (In Russ.)
3. Holzgrefe JL. The Humanitarian Intervention Debate [Internet] // Humanitarian Intervention: Ethical, Legal, and Political Dilemmas / Ed. by J.L. Holzgrefe, R.O. Keohane. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2003. p. 15-52 (data obrashcheniya 21 Jan. 2019). URL: http://www.newbooksservices.de/MediaFiles/Texts/8/9780521821988_Excerpt_001.pdf
4. Walzer M. Arguing About War. New Haven; London: Yale University Press; 2004. 208 p.
5. Finnemore M. The Purpose of Intervention: Changing Beliefs about the Use of Force. Ithaca; London: Cornell University Press; 2004. 184 p.
6. Janzekovic J. The Use of Force in Humanitarian Intervention: Morality and Practicalities. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2006. 212 p.
7. Bass GJ. Freedom’s Battle: The Origins of Humanitarian Intervention. N.Y.: Knopf; 2008. 528 p.
8. Humanitarian Intervention: A History / Ed. by B. Simms and D.J.B. Trim. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2011. 426 p.
9. Tesón FR., Van der Vossen B. Debating Humanitarian Intervention: Should We Try to Save Strangers? Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2017. 288 p.
10. Malinova OYu. Liberal Nationalism (the Middle of the Nineteenth – the Beginning of the Twentieth Century). Moscow: RIK Rusanov; 2000. 254 p. (In Russ.)
11. Giuseppe Mazzini and the Globalization of Democratic Nationalism 1830–1920 / Ed. by C.A. Bayly and E.F. Biagini. Oxford: British Academy; 2008. 444 p.
12. Varouxakis G. Liberty Abroad: J.S. Mill on International Relations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2013. 278 p.
13. Sirotinskaya MM. Principle of Intervention in the Context of European Revolutions of the Mid-19th Century. U.S. Perception. RSUH/RGGU Bulletin. Series: Political Science. History. International Relations. Area Studies. Oriental Studies. 2017; 4 (10):16-28. (In Russ.)
14. The Emergence of Humanitarian Intervention: Ideas and Practice from the Nineteenth Century to the Present / Ed. by F. Klose. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2016. 373 p.
15. Kumankov AD. Theory of Just War in U.S. Analytical Ethics. Diss. for the degree of PhD in Philosophy. Moscow: High School of Economics; 2013. 21 p. (In Russ.)
16. Sisе H. Just War? On Military Power, Ethics and Ideals. Trans. from Norw. Moscow: IBM; 2007. 176 p. (In Russ.)
17. Volkov SYu. The Development of the Theory of Just War during the Early Modern Period [Internet]. Vestnik of Lobachevsky State University of Nizhni Novgorod. 2009;3:227–233 (data obrashcheniya 21 Jan. 2019). URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/v/razvitie-doktriny-spravedlivoy-voyny-v-epohu-rannego-novogovremeni (In Russ.)
18. Didmanidze UT. Hugo Grotius’ Contribution in Development of the Just War Doctrine [Internet]. Science Journal of RUDN University. Series: Law. 2014;1:226-234 (data obrashcheniya 21 Jan. 2019). URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/v/vklad-gugo-grotsiya-v-razvitie-kontseptsii-o-spravedlivoy-voyne (In Russ.)
19. Konishev VN. American Neorealism on the Nature of War: Evolution of Political Theory. Saint Petersburg: Nauka; 2004. 372 p. (In Russ.)
20. Kashnikov BN. Private Military Campaigns and Theory of Just Wars. Russian Scientific Journal. 2011;1(20):83-94. (In Russ.)
21. Sazonova KL. The Concept of “Just War” in Contemporary International Law. Journal of Russian Law. 2014;5:117-125. (In Russ.)
22. Onuf N. Humanitarian Intervention: The Early Years. p. 1-55 [Internet]. Center for Global Peace and Conflict Studies (data obrashcheniya 21 Jan. 2019). URL: https://globalconflictresolution.files.wordpress.com/2010/02/humanitarian-interventionearly-years.pdf
23. Trim D. Intervention in European History, c. 1520–1850. Just and Unjust Military Intervention: European Thinkers from Vitoria to Mill / Ed. by S. Recchia, J.M. Welsh. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2013. p. 21-47.
24. Lawson G., Tardelli L. The Past, Present, and Future of Intervention [Internet]. Review of International Studies. 2013;10:1–21. URL: https://historicalsociology.files.wordpress.com/2011/08/lawson-and-tardelli-intervention-first-view-version.pdf (data obrashcheniya 21 Jan. 2019).
25. Oppenheim L. International Law: A Treatise. In 2 vol. 2 ed. Vol. 1. London; New York: Longmans, Green and Co, 1912 (1st ed. 1905–1906). 690 p.
26. Vincent RJ. Nonintervention and International Order. Princeton (N.J.): Princeton University Press; 1974. 465 p.
27. Segesser DM. Humanitarian Intervention and the Issue of State Sovereignty in the Discourse of Legal Experts between the 1830s and the First World War. The Emergence of Humanitarian Intervention: Ideas and Practice from the Nineteenth Century to the Present / Ed. by F. Klose. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2016. P. 56-72.
28. Heraclides A., Dialla A. Humanitarian Intervention in the Long Nineteenth Century: Setting the Precedent [Internet]. Manchester: Manchester University Press; 2015. 272 p. (data obrashcheniya 21 Jan. 2019) URL: http://manchester.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.7228/manchester/9780719089909.001.0001/upso-9780719089909-chapter-6
29. Fedosova EI. French Liberal Thought of the First Half of the 19th Century on Nation and the Nationality Problem. European Revolutions of 1848: The Principle of Nationality in Politics and Ideology. Moscow: Indrik; 2001. p. 12-21. (In Russ.)
30. Tanshina NP. Political Struggle in France in Relation to the Problems of Foreign Policy during the July Monarchy. Moscow: Prometei; 2005. 511 p. (In Russ.)
31. Jennings J. Nationalist Ideas in the Early Years of the July Monarchy: Armand Carrel and Le National [Internet]. History of Political Thought. 1991. Autumn. Vol. 12. No. 3. p. 497-514. URL: http://www.doc88.com/p-973196626207.html (data obrashcheniya 21 Jan. 2019).
32. Kovalskaya MI. Italy in the Struggle for National Independence and Unity [Internet]. Moscow: Nauka; 1981 (data obrashcheniya 21 Jan. 2019). URL: http://istmat.info/files/uploads/28200/risorgimento_m-i-kovalskaya_1981.pdf (In Russ.)
33. Eyal Y. The Young America Movement and the Transformation of the Democratic Party, 1828–1861. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2007. 252 p.
34. Sampson RD. John L. O’Sullivan and His Times. Kent; London: Kent State University Press; 2003. 304 p.
35. Rougemont D. de. Vingt-huit siѐcles d’Europe. Paris: Payot; 1961. 427 p.
36. Nevler VE. Mazzini and “Young Europe”. Voprosy istorii. 1972;7:62–77. (In Russ.)
37. Chubaryan AO. European Idea and the 19th Century. History of Europe. Vol. 5. Moscow: Nauka; 2000. p. 604-620. (In Russ.)
38. Mack Smith D. Mazzini. New Haven: Yale University Press; 1996. 312 p.
39. Duffy ChG. Young Ireland: A Fragment of Irish History 1840–45. Final Revision. Vol. 1. London: T. Fisher Unwin; 1896. 240 p.
40. Polyakova EYu. Ireland – Divided Nation. Nationalism in World History. Moscow: Nauka; 2007. p. 143-171. (In Russ.)
41. Miroshnikov AV., Miroshnikova AV. The Young Ireland 1840s History in the Estimates of Contemporaries. Science Journal of Voronezh State Technical University. Vol. 10. 2014;2:94–98. (In Russ.)
42. Kalgina EA. Politics of Great Britain in Ireland during the “Great Famine” 1845–1849. Thesis for the degree of PhD in History [Internet]. Voronezh: Voronezh State University; 2004. 185 p. (data obrashcheniya 21 Jan. 2019) // URL: http://www.dslib.net/vseobwaja-istoria/politika-velikobritanii-v-irlandii-v-jepohu-velikogogoloda-1845-1849-gg.html (In Russ.)
43. Barr C. Giuseppe Mazzini and Irish Nationalism, 1845–70. Giuseppe Mazzini and the Globalization of Democratic Nationalism 1830–1920. p. 125-144.
Supplementary files
For citation: Sirotinskaya M.M. Right to Intervention in the Context of the National Movement in Europe: Perception by “The United States Magazine and Democratic Review” in the 1840-s.. RSUH/RGGU Bulletin Series "Political Science. History. International Relations". 2019;(1):10-30. https://doi.org/10.28995/2073-6339-2019-1-10-30
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
